Laos

Laos, one of the world's few remaining communist states, is one of east Asia's poorest countries. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 it has struggled to find its position within a changing political and economic landscape.

Communist forces overthrew the monarchy in 1975, heralding years of isolation. Laos began opening up to the world in the 1990s, but despite tentative reforms, it remains poor and dependent on international donations.

The government has implemented gradual economic and business reforms since 2005 to somewhat liberalize its domestic markets. In 2011, it opened a stock market in Vientiane as part of a tentative move towards capitalism.

Economic growth since the 1990s has reduced poverty levels to some degree, but Laos still relies heavily on foreign aid and investment, especially from Japan, China and Vietnam.

The Asian currency crisis of 1997 caused the national currency, the kip, to lose more than nine-tenths of its value against the US dollar.

Laos is a landlocked, mountainous country, widely covered by largely unspoilt tropical forest. Less than 5% of the land is suitable for subsistence agriculture, which nevertheless provides around 80% of employment.

The main crop is rice, which is grown on the fertile floodplain of the Mekong River. Vegetables, fruit, spices and cotton are also grown. Part of the region's heroin-producing "Golden Triangle", Laos has all but stamped out opium production.

Outside the capital, many people live without electricity or access to basic facilities.

But Laos is banking on the anticipated returns from the $1.3bn Nam Theun 2 dam scheme, which was inaugurated in 2010 and is intended to generate electricity for export to Thailand, to boost its economy and infrastructure.

A further significant upgrade to Laos' infrastructure is expected from the construction of the first high-speed rail line between China and Laos, on which work was due to start in early 2011.

Public dissent in Laos is dealt with harshly by the authorities, and the country's human rights record has come under scrutiny.

Laos denies accusations of abuses by the military against the ethnic minority Hmong. Hmong groups have been fighting a low-level rebellion against the communist regime since 1975.

Facts

    * Full name: Lao People's Democratic Republic

    * Population: 6.4 million (UN, 2010)

    * Capital: Vientiane

    * Area: 236,800 sq km (91,400 sq miles)

    * Major languages: Lao, French (for diplomatic purposes)

    * Major religion: Buddhism

    * Life expectancy: 66 years (men), 69 years (women) (UN)

    * Monetary unit: 1 new kip = 100 ath

    * Main exports: Clothing, timber products, coffee, gold, copper, electricity

    * GNI per capita: US $1,040 (World Bank, 2010)

    * Internet domain: .la

    * International dialling code: +856

Leaders

President: Choummaly Sayasone

Choummaly Sayasone, the head of the ruling communist Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP), was appointed by the National Assembly in 2006 and re-appointed in June 2011.

His re-appointment for another five-year term marked a continuation of the authoritarian status quo in one of the world's most tightly controlled countries.

He was the only candidate nominated by the powerful politburo of the LPRP.

He succeeded Khamtay Siphandon as president in June 2006.

He took over the party leadership from the octogenarian former president a few months earlier.

The LPRP is the only legal political party in Laos.

Mr Sayasone is seen as a staunch ally of his predecessor, who served three terms and oversaw the country's entry into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Asean) in 1997.

Choummaly Sayasone, who was born in 1936 in southern Laos, is a former defence minister and vice president.

From : BBC News