A tiny country with a small population, Brunei was the only Malay state in 1963 to choose to remain a British dependency rather than join the Malaysian Federation.
It became independent in 1984 and, thanks to its large reserves of oil and gas, now has one of the highest standards of living in the world.
Its ruling royals, led by the head of state Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, possess a huge private fortune.
Overview
A country of dense forests and mangrove swamps whose people enjoy high subsidies and pay no taxes, Brunei is highly dependent on imports. Despite its immense wealth, most of the country outside the capital remains undeveloped and unexploited.
While oil and gas exports account for the bulk of government revenues, reserves are dwindling and Brunei is attempting to diversify its economy. It markets itself as a financial centre and as a destination for upmarket and eco-tourism.
About two-thirds of the people of Brunei are ethnic Malays, and these benefit from positive discrimination. The Chinese comprise about 16% of the population. There are also Indians and indigenous groups, of whom the Murut and Dusuns are favoured over the Ibans.Since 1962 the sultan has ruled by decree. In a rare move towards political reform an appointed parliament was revived in 2004. The constitution provides for an expanded house with up to 15 elected MPs. However, no date has been set for elections.
Brunei's financial fortunes have wavered. Shares and other assets were hit by the crash of the Asian financial markets in the late 1990s. In 1998 Prince Jefri's Amedeo conglomerate collapsed, leaving massive debts and precipitating a financial scandal.
Facts
* Full name: Brunei Darussalam
* Population: 407,000 (UN, 2010)
* Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
* Area: 5,765 sq km (2,226 sq miles)
* Major languages: Malay, English, Chinese
* Major religions: Islam, Buddhism, Christianity
* Life expectancy: 76 years (men), 81 years (women) (UN)
* Monetary unit: 1 Bruneian dollar = 100 cents
* Main exports: Crude oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products
* GNI per capita: Estimated to be high income: $12,196 or more (World Bank, 2009)
* Internet domain: .bn
* International dialling code: +673
Leaders
Head of state: Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
In 1991 he introduced a conservative ideology called Malay Muslim Monarchy, which presented the monarchy as the defender of the faith.
Apparently aimed at pre-empting calls for democratisation, it is said to have alienated Brunei's large Chinese and expatriate communities.
In September 2004 the sultan reopened Brunei's parliament, 20 years after it was suspended. Observers said it was a tentative step towards giving some political power to the country's citizens.
The sultan was born in 1946 and was educated in Malaysia and Britain. He has two wives and is one of the world's richest individuals.
From : BBC News
